**DEFINITION**

Estimates of Ocean Heat Content (OHC) are obtained from integrated differences of the measured temperature and a climatology along a vertical profile in the ocean (von Schuckmann et al., 2018). The regional OHC values are then averaged from 60°S-60°N aiming 
i)	to obtain the mean OHC as expressed in Joules per meter square (J/m2) to monitor the large-scale variability and change.
ii)	to monitor the amount of energy in the form of heat stored in the ocean (i.e. the change of OHC in time), expressed in Watt per square meter (W/m2). 
Ocean heat content is one of the six Global Climate Indicators recommended by the World Meterological Organisation for Sustainable Development Goal 13 implementation (WMO, 2017).

**CONTEXT**

Knowing how much and where heat energy is stored and released in the ocean is essential for understanding the contemporary Earth system state, variability and change, as the ocean shapes our perspectives for the future (von Schuckmann et al., 2020). Variations in OHC can induce changes in ocean stratification, currents, sea ice and ice shelfs (IPCC, 2019; 2021); they set time scales and dominate Earth system adjustments to climate variability and change (Hansen et al., 2011); they are a key player in ocean-atmosphere interactions and sea level change (WCRP, 2018) and they can impact marine ecosystems and human livelihoods (IPCC, 2019).

**CMEMS KEY FINDINGS**

Since the year 2005, the upper (0-2000m) near-global (60°S-60°N) ocean warms at a rate of 1.0 ± 0.1 W/m2. 

Note: The key findings will be updated annually in November, in line with OMI evolutions.

**DOI (product):** 
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00235

**References:**

* Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., & von Schuckmann, K. (2011). Earth’s energy imbalance and implications. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(24), 13421–13449. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011
* IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. (2019). In H. O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, & N. M. Weyer (Eds.), IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/
* IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press.
* von Schuckmann, K., A. Storto, S. Simoncelli, R. Raj, A. Samuelsen, A. de Pascual Collar, M. Garcia Sotillo, T. Szerkely, M. Mayer, D. Peterson, H. Zuo, G. Garric, M. Monier, 2018: Ocean heat content. In: Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 2, Journal of Operational Oceanography, 11:sup1, s13–s16, DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2018.1489208
* von Schuckmann, K., Cheng, L., Palmer, M. D., Tassone, C., Aich, V., Adusumilli, S., Beltrami, H., Boyer, T., Cuesta-Valero, F. J., Desbruyères, D., Domingues, C., García-García, A., Gentine, P., Gilson, J., Gorfer, M., Haimberger, L., Ishii, M., Johnson, G. C., Killik, R., … Wijffels, S. E. (2020). Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go? The GCOS Earth heat inventory team. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2020, 1–45. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-255
* von Schuckmann, K., & Le Traon, P.-Y. (2011). How well can we derive Global Ocean Indicators from Argo data? Ocean Sci., 7(6), 783–791. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-783-2011
* WCRP (2018). Global sea-level budget 1993–present. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10(3), 1551–1590. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
* WMO, 2017: World Meterological Organisation Bulletin, 66(2), https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin.


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Global Ocean Heat Content (0-2000m) time series and trend from Reanalysis & Multi-Observations Reprocessing

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